What encompasses the surface of the earth and includes all permanently attached natural features?

The term that encompasses the surface of the earth and includes all permanently attached natural features is land. This definition refers to the solid part of the Earth's surface, which consists of soil, minerals, and any natural features such as trees, rivers, and mountains that are permanently fixed to the soil.

In contrast, territory often refers to a defined area of land controlled by a government or authority, which is more about jurisdictional boundaries than the features themselves. Property is a broader legal term that can refer to both tangible items and intangible rights, while real estate typically denotes land along with any improvements made to it, such as buildings or structures. However, the core aspect of land is specifically its natural state and features, making it the most accurate choice in this context.